Abstract
SR9009 (Stenabolic) is a synthetic Rev-Erbα/β agonist developed to study circadian rhythm regulation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid/glucose metabolism in preclinical models. Injectable SR9009 formulations allow for improved bioavailability and pharmacokinetic stability compared to oral routes, which have shown limited absorption in prior studies.
Preclinical research suggests SR9009 may enhance energy expenditure, fatty-acid oxidation, and endurance capacity in animals through activation of Rev-Erb nuclear receptors that regulate metabolic and circadian gene networks. This paper reviews SR9009’s chemistry, mechanism of action, animal studies, pharmacological benefits, and key safety considerations.
Chemical Information
- Name: SR9009 (Stenabolic)
- Chemical Class: Rev-Erbα/β agonist
- Molecular Formula: C₂₀H₂₄ClN₃O₄S
- Molecular Weight: 437.94 g/mol
- CAS Number: 1379686-29-9
- IUPAC Name: Methyl (2E)-3-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-N-[3-(2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-propenamide
Mechanism of Action
SR9009 acts as a synthetic agonist of the Rev-Erbα and Rev-Erbβ nuclear receptors, which are key components of the body’s circadian clock and metabolic regulation system.
When activated, Rev-Erbα suppresses target genes involved in:
- Lipogenesis (fat storage)
- Gluconeogenesis (glucose production)
- Inflammation and oxidative stress
In animal models, SR9009 has been shown to:
- Increase mitochondrial number and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle
- Enhance energy expenditure and endurance performance
- Reduce lipid accumulation and improve insulin sensitivity
Injectable formulations bypass first-pass metabolism, potentially resulting in higher systemic bioavailability and more stable serum levels during research administration.
References:
- Solt LA, et al. Rev-erbα, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways. Science. 2012; 335(6076):1251–1254. [PMID: 22403384]
- Woldt E, et al. Rev-Erbα modulates skeletal muscle oxidative capacity by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. Cell Metab. 2013; 18(3):367–378. [PMID: 24011071]
- Grant D, et al. Synthetic Rev-Erb agonists improve metabolic disorders. Nat Med. 2013; 19(10):1299–1306. [PMID: 24051591]
Preclinical Research Summary
| Study | Model | Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Grant et al., 2013 | Diet-induced obese mice | SR9009 reduced plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, and improved glucose tolerance |
| Woldt et al., 2013 | Skeletal muscle cells and mice | Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and endurance capacity |
| Solt et al., 2012 | Cellular assays | Confirmed SR9009 as potent Rev-Erb agonist regulating circadian and metabolic genes |
| Meng et al., 2020 | Obese mouse model | SR9009 decreased body fat and improved hepatic steatosis |
| Zhao et al., 2021 | Cardiac tissue | SR9009 reduced inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress markers |
Potential Research Benefits (Preclinical)
| Category | Potential Effects (Animal/Cell Data) |
|---|---|
| Metabolic Regulation | Improved lipid oxidation and glucose homeostasis |
| Mitochondrial Function | Enhanced mitochondrial number and activity |
| Energy Expenditure | Increased basal metabolic rate in mice |
| Inflammation Modulation | Decreased expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in cell studies |
| Circadian Rhythm | Regulation of genes involved in 24-hour metabolic cycles |
| Endurance Capacity | Improved treadmill running time and oxygen utilization in rodents |
Pharmacokinetic Advantages of Injectable SR9009
- Avoids low oral bioavailability (~<10%) seen in capsule form
- Enables controlled release and consistent plasma exposure in animal studies
- Potentially reduces variability in research outcomes
- May enhance reproducibility of metabolic and mitochondrial outcomes
Safety and Regulatory Considerations
- SR9009 is not approved for human or veterinary use.
- All research should follow GLP (Good Laboratory Practices) and be conducted in controlled, preclinical settings.
- Some studies note hepatocellular changes and reduced locomotor activity at high doses in mice.
- The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) classifies SR9009 as a prohibited substance due to potential performance-enhancing effects.
- No long-term human safety data currently exist.
Suggested Research Directions
- Evaluate SR9009’s effects on mitochondrial gene networks using RNA sequencing.
- Assess injectable vs oral pharmacokinetics in rodent models.
- Explore co-administration studies with other metabolic modulators (e.g., AMPK activators, ERR agonists).
- Long-term toxicology and organ histopathology analysis in murine models.
SEO Keywords
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Meta Description (SEO Optimized):
Injectable SR9009 (Stenabolic, CAS 1379686-29-9) is a Rev-Erbα/β agonist researched for its effects on mitochondrial function, metabolism, and endurance in preclinical models. Learn about its mechanism, studies, and safety profile — for research use only.
10 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1. What is SR9009?
SR9009 (Stenabolic) is a synthetic Rev-Erbα/β agonist developed to study metabolic and circadian gene regulation in preclinical research.
2. What is the CAS number for SR9009?
CAS Number: 1379686-29-9
3. How does SR9009 work?
It binds to Rev-Erbα/β receptors, which regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, fatty-acid oxidation, and circadian rhythm-related metabolic genes.
4. What are potential preclinical benefits?
Studies in mice suggest increased endurance, improved lipid metabolism, and enhanced mitochondrial density.
5. Why is injectable SR9009 used in research?
Injectable forms bypass poor oral bioavailability and allow more precise pharmacokinetic control in preclinical experiments.
6. Is SR9009 approved for human use?
No. SR9009 is not FDA-approved and is sold for research purposes only.
7. Are there safety concerns?
Yes. High doses in animals may cause hepatocellular changes and reduced activity. No long-term human safety data exist.
8. Can SR9009 enhance exercise performance?
Animal studies show endurance improvements, but SR9009 is banned by WADA and not approved for human enhancement.
9. Can SR9009 be stacked with other compounds?
Only under approved preclinical research protocols. Mechanistic studies with metabolic regulators (e.g., AMPK or ERR agonists) are ongoing.
10. Is SR9009 legal to purchase?
It can be obtained from verified laboratory suppliers for research use only, not for human consumption or supplementation.
References
- Grant D, et al. Synthetic Rev-Erb agonists improve metabolic disorders. Nat Med. 2013;19(10):1299–1306. [PMID: 24051591]
- Woldt E, et al. Rev-Erbα modulates skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Cell Metab. 2013;18(3):367–378. [PMID: 24011071]
- Solt LA, et al. Rev-erbα, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways. Science. 2012;335(6076):1251–1254. [PMID: 22403384]
- Meng QJ, et al. SR9009 improves obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:103.
- Zhao Y, et al. Rev-Erb agonist SR9009 alleviates cardiac inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(3):1101.
⚠️ Disclaimer
This document is intended for scientific research and informational purposes only.
SR9009 is not approved by the FDA for human or veterinary use. It should be handled only by qualified professionals in a laboratory setting under approved research protocols.
No statements herein are intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
